Authors: Prof. Dr. Sc. Ismet Kalić, M.Sc. Nermina Ćatić, M.Sc. Tarik Ćatić

Agriculture is considered one of the most sensitive and riskiest economic activities due to the influence of numerous natural and economic factors on the production process. These factors interact with one another, and their consequences are directly reflected in production results, making agricultural enterprises particularly vulnerable compared to other sectors. The digitalization of production processes, the use of advanced sensor systems, the analysis of large volumes of data within a short period, and the integration of artificial intelligence are becoming essential elements of modern financial management in agriculture, as these technological tools enable more precise planning, budgeting, more efficient risk management, more stable yields and long-term sustainable development of agricultural enterprises. The paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter defines financial risks and the specific features of financing agricultural activities. A graph of total loans granted to agriculture in the period 2014–2023 is presented, and the countries leading in agricultural lending are identified. The second chapter describes strategic and operational financial management activities supported by digitalization and artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence accelerates the implementation of operational tasks, contributes to greater work efficiency, saves time and enables more accurate forecasting and higher-quality decision-making. The third chapter analyses the role of digitalization and artificial intelligence as modern tools for reducing financial and production risks in agricultural enterprises. The implementation of new technological solutions not only changes agriculture in economic and organizational terms, but also represents a key instrument of environmental sustainability. AI enables precise dosing of water, fertilizers and pesticides, thereby directly reducing land degradation and greenhouse gas emissions.

Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sc. Almedin Zec

Research on the market of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which are most often financed through banks, is the focus of this paper. There are significant links between the macroeconomic environment and the financial sector. The development of the financial sector largely depends on a stable macro-political environment. A well-functioning financial sector is crucial for macroeconomic stability. In this context, the general legal and regulatory framework within which enterprises and financial service providers operate may have a decisive impact on the development of the SME sector. At the same time, there are positive and negative forces that direct SMEs to operate in the informal economy. In some countries, the formal banking system shows very little interest in lending to SMEs, resulting in a low incentive for transparent business operations through transaction accounts. If entrepreneurs do not receive adequate support from financial institutions in the form of credit arrangements, one of the key incentives for formal business operations is absent. During the research period, 44 participants responded to the survey – owners of small and medium-sized enterprises from various industries in the Central Bosnia, Zenica-Doboj and Herzegovina-Neretva cantons. Their responses and experiences enabled the implementation of this research, which was carried out in 2025. The survey was conducted anonymously. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions. Three questions referred to the classification of activities according to type, number of employees and duration of company registration. The remaining questions dealt with the issue of SME financing through banks.

Authors: Prof. Dr. Sc. Ismet Kalić, Assist. Prof. Dr. Robin Mujačić, M.Sc. Nermina Ćatić, Adna Mujačić, B.Sc. Agronomy

The paper explores the economic and ecological aspects of agriculture in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a focus on the livestock sector as its most important segment, through a comparative analysis with European Union countries and transition economies. Special attention is given to key production factors: feed costs, labour, veterinary services and energy, and their impact on the economic sustainability of farms, while the analysis of yields by livestock type points to the importance of optimizing nutrition, genetics and management. The paper also considers the ecological dimension of the sector, highlighting the advantages of manure recycling, biofuels, rotational grazing and the integration of livestock farming with crop production as measures for reducing environmental pressure and strengthening long-term sustainability. The comparative perspective confirms that modernization, digitalization and the application of environmental standards positively affect productivity, costs and competitiveness. Based on the conclusions reached, measures are proposed for improving livestock farming in Bosnia and Herzegovina, including investment in technology, producer education, state incentives and the introduction of environmental standards. Technological modernization, strategic resource management and ecological sustainability are recognized as the fundamental prerequisites for improving business results and the long-term development of this sector.

Author: Assist. Prof. Dr. Amir Hasičević

In the contemporary business environment marked by sustainability (ESG) requirements and accelerated digital transformation, external auditing assumes a key role in strengthening the trust of investors and the wider public. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools opens new possibilities for more efficient and deeper examination of non-financial data, ESG indicators and digital processes within companies. The paper explores how AI technologies, such as machine learning and advanced analytics, support external auditing in assessing sustainable and digitally transformed business models. Special attention is devoted to advantages such as faster processing of large data sets and early risk detection, but also to challenges related to algorithm transparency, regulatory frameworks and ethical issues. Finally, recommendations are offered for the development of auditing practice that, through the responsible application of AI, will further strengthen the verification of sustainability and the digital maturity of companies. This paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of AI’s potential in external auditing in the context of global trends in ESG reporting and the digital economy.

Authors: Sabina Čavalić, MA, Safet Imamović, B.Sc. Econ., Dr. Sc. Admir Čavalić

The development of the Internet and digital technologies has led to significant changes in the field of advertising and marketing communication. Traditional forms of advertising are increasingly losing importance, while the Internet and social media are becoming the dominant channels through which companies communicate with consumers. Advertisements in the digital environment are characterized by interactivity, two-way communication, the possibility of precise audience targeting and measurable results, which makes them especially effective in the modern business environment. The aim of this paper is to analyse the concept of advertising, its historical development, as well as modern forms of advertising on the Internet and social media. Special attention is devoted to the characteristics of Internet advertising, the role of social media, and the types of advertising formats used on digital platforms. The paper is based on the theoretical analysis of relevant literature in the fields of marketing, media studies and digital communications. The results of the analysis indicate that Internet and social media advertising represents an indispensable segment of modern marketing strategies, but at the same time opens a range of ethical, regulatory and social issues, particularly in the context of protecting user privacy and the influence of advertising on consumer behaviour. Successful digital advertising requires a strategic, responsible and long-term oriented approach that balances business goals and the interests of the wider community.

Authors: Prof. Dr. Nermin Lapandić, M.A. Selma Stojanović

Good governance represents the foundation of modern democratic societies, based on the principles of legality, transparency, accountability, efficiency and citizen participation in decision-making processes. As a concept, good governance gradually developed within the legal framework of the European Union, beginning with so-called soft law instruments – ethical codes, guidelines and standards of conduct – and over time became a formalized right of citizens, confirmed by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. This right includes a number of legal and administrative guarantees that ensure proper and fair treatment by EU institutions, while its protection is overseen by the European Ombudsman. The case law of the European Court of Justice has also made a significant contribution to the development of this concept. The aim of this paper is, starting from the development of the concept of good governance in the EU, to analyse the possibilities of its application in the institutional and legal framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special focus is placed on obstacles and challenges in the process of harmonization with European standards, but also on the opportunities that good governance offers in the context of improving public administration and Bosnia and Herzegovina’s European integration.

Author: M.Sc. Econ. Irnesa Hašimbegović

The tax systems of modern states play a key role in ensuring the financial resources necessary for the functioning of the public sector and for the achievement of various economic and social objectives. Taxes represent the primary source of public revenues and enable the financing of numerous public functions such as education, healthcare, social protection, infrastructure and security. Within the tax system, direct taxes occupy a special place, among which one of the most important is corporate income tax. This tax has significant fiscal and economic importance because it taxes the business result of economic entities, i.e. the profit generated through business activities. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, corporate income tax is regulated by the Corporate Income Tax Law of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the corresponding bylaws that further regulate the manner of application of this law. A particularly important segment of the profit taxation system is the process of transforming accounting profit into the tax base, in which the tax balance sheet plays a key role. The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of corporate income tax reporting in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, explain the role of the tax balance sheet in determining the tax base, and indicate the importance of tax incentives and transfer pricing. Particular attention is also devoted to the practice of the Tax Administration of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the control and application of tax regulations.

Author: M.Sc. Fahra Ćatović

Personal income tax for 2025 is finally determined on the basis of the Annual Personal Income Tax Return (Form GPD-1051), which the taxpayer is obliged to submit to the Tax Administration of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by 31 March 2026. This text focuses on the obligations of taxpayers who are natural persons – sole proprietors and citizens – in relation to determining the final personal income tax liability, i.e. the Annual Personal Income Tax Return – Form GPD-1051 for 2025, as well as the attachments thereto – other annual tax returns and reports. The methods of determining the types of taxable income, revenues and expenses, the tax base, reliefs, tax credit and final tax liability are presented. In addition, attention is given to tax returns by which individual parts of income (schedular income categories) were taxed during the year and which form the “basis” for preparing annual returns and reports and, ultimately, the Annual Personal Income Tax Return – Form GPD-1051. The continuation of the text briefly points to all the key factors relating to the Annual Personal Income Tax Return. In addition to the above, property tax for 2026 is also covered.

Author: M.Sc. Asmir Mujanović

Preparing a corporate income tax return requires serious preparation and very good professional knowledge of the regulations in this field, especially considering that a large number of accounting items are valued and treated differently for tax purposes. For this reason, it is necessary to have well-organized tax accounting that provides all the necessary data in order to accurately calculate and report corporate income tax. The preparation of financial statements is most practically begun with the preparation of the income statement, where at a certain stage we stop and prepare the tax balance sheet. A necessary step for completing the income statement is determining the corporate income tax liability. Preparing the tax return requires compliance with and application of the Corporate Income Tax Law and the Rulebook on the Implementation of the Corporate Income Tax Law. By applying tax regulations, non-deductible expenses are added to accounting profit or loss before taxation, while items that reduce the tax base are deducted. Items that may reduce the tax base under tax regulations are tax incentives and tax exemptions. The prescribed tax rate is then applied to the tax base thus determined, and the final tax liability for the reporting year is calculated.

Author: Dr. Sc. Milica Vidović

The Rulebook on Amendments and Supplements to the Rulebook on the Implementation of the VAT Law was published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina No. 25/25 of 29 April 2025. This Rulebook entered into force on 7 May 2025 and has been applied since 6 August 2025. Its application introduced significant changes in certain areas. Some of the amendments relate to ancillary turnover in terms of the procurement and production of special tools used for the production of finished products intended for export. In addition, amendments are also present in the tax treatment of shortages, specifically regarding the standard rate of wastage of the taxpayer, which must be aligned with the activity performed, while the obligation for the presence of a sanitary inspector in cases where goods reaching their expiration date are destroyed has been abolished, so that the taxpayer is now obliged to ensure the presence of a competent authority. The benefit of applying the new Rulebook is available to persons who began performing an activity and acquired fixed assets necessary for business operations before being registered for VAT, in such a way that they can now exercise the right to deduct input VAT on acquisitions of fixed assets made up to one year prior to VAT registration. Significant amendments were also introduced in the field of the special scheme in construction, as well as in the field of more detailed classification of electronic services taxed according to the place of the recipient. In connection with the taxation of foreign services, the new Rulebook changed the mandatory documents that a domestic VAT taxpayer must provide in order to prove that the service was rendered to a foreign entity. The threshold for VAT refunds to foreign nationals was also amended, as was the PDV-SL 2 form itself. The CD PDV 1 M form used for VAT refunds under international treaties was also amended.